Architectural Design for Payroll Processing Application...

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR PAYROLL PROCESSING APPLICATION SOFTWARE Inventors: Andreas Elkeles (Foster City, CA, US) Fabian Guenther (Mauer, DE) Philipp Suenderhauf (Leimen, DE) Andreas Bold (Ludwigshafen, DE) Peter Latocha (Malsch, DE) Bernhard Drittler (Walldorf, DE) Joerg Heitmann (Walldorf, DE) IPC8 Class: AG06Q1000FI USPC Class: 705 32 Class name: Time accounting (time and attendance, monitoring billable hours) Publication date: 03/18/2010 Patent application number: 20100070395 [pic] Ads by Google Offshore Banking License - Offshore banks incorporation licensing. Banking software. - www.mybankinglicense.com MS in Comp. Sc. – Delhi - Master Degree In Comp.Sc, Info. Sys S/W Engg. 1 Yr in Ind Bal in US -†¦show more content†¦9. The product of claim 8, wherein the inbound process agents comprise a first inbound process agent operable to start the execution of step requested in a first inbound message by creating or updating one or more business object instances. 10. The product of claim 8, wherein the outbound process agents comprise a first asynchronous outbound process agent that is called after a business object that is associated with the first outbound process agent changes. 11. The product of claim 1, wherein the operations comprise synchronous and asynchronous operations. 12. A system, comprising:a computer system comprising one or more hardware platforms for executing a computer software application;a plurality of process components, each of the process components being a package of software implementing a respective and distinct business process, the plurality of process components including:a payroll processing process component that handles the execution and monitoring of regular as well as off-cycle payroll processes;an employee payroll administration process component that handles the administration of the employee specific payroll agreement and theShow MoreRelatedArchitectural Design for Payroll Processing Application Software16071 Words   |  65 PagesARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR PAYROLL PROCESSING APPLICATION SOFTWARE Inventors:   Andreas Elkeles (Foster City, CA, US)   Fabian Guenther (Mauer, DE)   Philipp Suenderhauf (Leimen, DE)   Andreas Bold (Ludwigshafen, DE)   Peter Latocha (Malsch, DE)   Bernhard Drittler (Walldorf, DE)   Joerg Heitmann (Walldorf, DE) IPC8 Class: AG06Q1000FI USPC Class: 705 32 Class name: Time accounting (time and attendance, monitoring billable hours) Publication date: 03/18/2010 Patent application number: 20100070395 Read MoreEssay about It210 Syllabus2323 Words   |  10 PagesCourse Design Guide IT/210 Version 5 1 Syllabus College of Information Systems Technology IT/210 Version 5 Fundamentals of Programming With Algorithms and Logic Copyright  © 2011, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. 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The Emergence of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 1. What is ERP? 2. The Evolution of ERP 3. The Integrated Systems Approach b. Business Benefits of ERP c. ERP Modules d. ERP Design Alternatives e. The Business Case for ERP 1. Cost-Benefit Analysis for ERP 2. Can ERP Provide a Competitive Advantage? f. The Challenge of Implementing an ERP System g. Summary ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS Questions for Discussion: Read MoreImplementation of E-Commerce on Supply Chain Management7098 Words   |  29 Pages 18 1.4 Neo-Control Pvt. Ltd 22 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 24 CHAPTER 3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27 3.1THE STUDY 3.2THE DESIGN 3.3THE TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY CASE STUDY 4.1 ACE PVT. LTD.

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It predicts higher performance from a diverse organization and view diversity as a business necessity’. [4] As a result, diversity is a concept celebrated by many organizations [4]. Yet, in spite of the amount of attention diversity receives, the concept is neither clearly defined nor well understood by the general public. We will write a custom essay sample on Wal-Mart or any similar topic only for you Order Now [4] Given diversity ambiguous meaning, people may interpret the concept of diversity in a manner consistent with their desire to preserve inequality along socially important dimensions, such as race. In our report, we will explore whether diversity s, in fact, a changeable concept capable of serving opposing social agendas. Diversity: Definition In simple terms, diversity can be defined as a point of reference. According to Coffey, â€Å"diversity is a term for valuing and promoting differences, similarities, and unique characteristics of groups and individuals in different areas in the world. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. † [1] In today’s world, we can all agree that everybody is unique and different as each has different characteristics and ideas. So, in general, it can be said that â€Å"diversity is no ore than Just tolerating differences†. [1] Diversity: Past Over 25 years ago, what we now dub diversity was often referred to as pluralism. [6] This Journey began when we wanted to recognize that there was more than one culture present in the workplace. We could continue to be different, yet be part of the same firm. We believed that co-existence was better than trying to help people to become culturally assimilated into one larger culture. 6] For some companies, the story of diversity started after the civil rights movement of the ass’s. It was about beginning to appreciate each other for who we are. In the ginning, we appreciated pluralism in an attempt to move beyond anti- discriminating laws. Pluralism encouraged people to be authentic – who they really are rather than who others want them to be. â€Å"Think of the bilingual employee who is challenged to hide his/her accent while at work but speaks on ly Spanish with his/her family. Or the white employee who works in a multi-ethnic work environment but worships in an all-white environment and has no friends or family of color. † [6] Following pluralism, diversity was the first attempt to move away from race and gender by adding other attributes to the equation. In order that society progresses award the ultimate goal of diversity, it was important to have a foundation of balanced race and gender. Diversity’s main purpose is that it â€Å"should help everyone assume that everyone is included and that there is no underestimations of any group in any given situation, team, group, etc. [6] Diversity: Present Discussions on diversity have evolved from consisting of advancement in race-based civil rights employment legislation to including a broad range of demographic dimensions not protected by law [4]. For example, in present-days research on organizational behavior, diversity has been defined as â€Å"the distribution of differences mongo the members of a unit with respect to a common attribute X, such as tenure, ethnicity, conscientiousness, task attitude, or pay’ [4]. It has also been defined more simply as â€Å"heterogeneity in personality attributes, personal values, work attitudes, education, and life-style† [4]. Thus, diversity now seems to encompass heterogeneity in a wide range of dimensions – not Just racial composition, as was originally intended when the term came into common use [4]. Research on laypeople understanding of diversity also suggests the term may be not be clearly understood. For example, Unguent found that people define diversity n broad terms that include a wide range of demographic dimensions (e. . , race, religion, parenting style, age and education). [4] Yet, other research shows that even when diversity is construed in racial terms, people disagree about which particular groups are most associated with diversity. Specifically, Unguent found that members of minority groups (I. E. , Asians, Latino, and African Americans) perceive diversity as primarily entailing the representation of their in-group. [4] Tod ay, many organizations are attempting to move closer to intellectual diversity or diversity of thought. [6] Diversity: In The Future To ensure future success, â€Å"diversity must be authentic and honest†. [6] â€Å"To keep diversity authentic in corporations, it will be vital that we create environments that allow for authentic contributions of all†. [6] It may not mean training that comes at the expense of only one group, but it does mean asking questions and listening and learning from those around us. If we are sincere about our intentions as well as respectful of our differences, â€Å"organizations have the potential for growth and the possibility of reaping the rich benefits that diversity has to offer†. 6] This means an all-inclusive organization with the richest of profits. Diversity: What you Want It To Be Research reported by Unguent suggests that when people are exposed to vague information concerning an organization’s diversity, they interpret diversity in a manner consistent with their social-dominance motives. [4] Specifically, anti- egalitarian individuals broaden their interpretation of diversity to include nonracial (I. E. , occupational) differences when an organization’s racial differences are low. By contrast, egalitarian individuals broaden their understanding of diversity to include nonracial heterogeneity when an organization’s racial differences are high. [4] The inclusion of occupational differences in perceptions of diversity allows people across the spectrum of social-dominance orientation to Justify their support for or opposition to affirmative-action policies. Nausea’s findings suggest that diversity may not have a fixed meaning and that, without a specific sketch of what the concept means in particular contexts, people may interpret diversity in a manner consistent with their social motivations. 4] Factors that Affect Diversity There are several factors that affect diversity among people and in organizations across the world. Such factors include, but are not limited to the following: â€Å"giving errors a chance to be trained, long-term evaluation of training results, awarding successes among people and managerial rewards for increasing diversity, an d believing the power of inclusion in the organization†. [1] Different characteristics are other factors that affect diversity and diversity management. Examples of such characteristics include but are not limited to are: â€Å"age, culture, cognitive style, disability (mental and physical), background (economic, geographic, and psychological), ethnicity, race, education, gender identity, language(s) spoken, partnered status, physical appearance, political affiliation, religious affiliation ND so on†. [1] Advantages and Disadvantages of Diversity Management Workforce diversity can generate both advantages and disadvantages for organizations. The advantages include mainly enabling access too changing marketplace by mirroring increasing diverse markets, better-quality solutions to brainstorming tasks and displaying more cooperative behaviors, among others†. [3] The disadvantages are the existence of segregated ethnic communities within the organization, increased conflict, increased training costs, communication breakdown, low cohesion, and high turnover. [3] According to Jaguars, the key to capitalizing on the advantages and minimizing disadvantages of workforce diversity is to effectively manage diversity [3]. Main business benefits of focusing on diversity management are â€Å"the ability to recruit from a wider selection of people and retain better workers for longer, broader market intelligence and internationalization, greater creativity and innovation, diverse perspectives on business issues, and improved problem solving and decision making, improved marketing, improved community relations and an enhanced company image, increased productivity, reduced costs linked to turnover and absenteeism, and increased resilience and flexibility’. 3] Managing Diversity Managing diversity involves understanding that there are differences among employees and that these differences, if properly managed, are an asset to work being done more efficiently and effectively [3] â€Å"Diversity management initiatives are specific activities, programs, policies, and any other formal processes or efforts designed to promote organizational culture change†. 3] Its objective for organizations is to â€Å"raise awareness of cultural differences; develop the ability to recognize, accept, and value diversity through organizational intervention to minimize patterns of inequality, modify organizational culture and leadership practices so that members of all socio-cultural backgrounds can contribute and achieve their full potential†. [3] Some examples of diversity management initiatives include flexible work arrangements, work-life balance initiatives, education and training programs to raise cultural awareness, and equal opportunity policies and practices. 3] Conclusion As the world becomes global, the managers’ Job is changing. In broad terms, â€Å"diversity is any dimension that can be used to differentiate groups, workers, and people from others†. 1] That means people should respect and appreciate differences in ethnicity, gender, age, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, education, and religion. [1] â€Å"But no one can deny that it’s more than this. Diversity management has an important role for the organizations. It is significant to understand diversity in diversity management to manage people†. [l] Other research may suggest that diversity may be in the eye of the beholder. It is a concept that is widely discussed yet poorly understood. It seems that diversity meaning can shift in accordance with people’s social motivations. Rather than reading a more welcoming environment for underrepresented minorities, attempting to achieve equal racial representation for example, may inadvertently allow people to turn diversity into whatever they want it to be. How to cite Wal-Mart, Papers Wal-Mart Free Essays It will describe Wal-Mart as a non-union employer, paying lower wages to heir employees than other retail and grocery stores. They do not offer benefits to all employees and most are unable to afford them. Between Wal-Mart’s business practices in increasing their profits and the need to recognize their social and ethical responsibilities, Wal-Mart needs to find a comfortable balance of profitability and responsibility in order to improve their reputation. We will write a custom essay sample on Wal-Mart or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the process of writing this report, we found that there was much more Information to be discussed about Wal-Mart’s unethical business practice than what was reported. We also wanted to point out that although all companies do everything ossible to lower their costs and maintain high production rates, Wal-Mart has crossed the line over the years by managing their profits In unethical ways compared to otner large corporatlons wno nave Deen etnlcally ana successTully managlng tnelr business practices. Information that can be found on Wal-Mart is changing everyday and it was sometimes difficult to keep up. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Wal-Mart has been recognized as the leader in its industry and the largest company in the nation. With its powerful profit making abilities, Wal-Mart has grown from a local corner store to the money making â€Å"monster† it is today. The company has amaged its reputation over the years due to unethical choices made by its top executives. As a result, its anti-union stance has been singled out on issues concerning benefits, wages, and overall business practices. When reviewing Wal- Mart’s financial statements, one would be overwhelmed to see such high performances; but when you are a Wal-Mart employee, it is no surprise why that is true. Employees have been denied opportunities of advancement and pay raises. Lawsuits have been pending against the company with employees claiming they have been denied promotion opportunities in the company due to their gender, and some mployees have sued for being over-worked and under paid. Wal-Mart has become so big in its industry, that it has lowered the wages through out the country and has influenced economic change. Since most of Wal-Mart’s employees live below the poverty line, it is difficult for them to afford health insurance when deductions out of their paychecks are sometimes as high as 33%. A Wal-Mart employee who obtains health insurance would have a very difficult time raising a family with this kind of premium. Wal-Mart employees are unable to receive healthcare benefits because the cost is too high and their wages are low. As a result, employees face a difficult time deciding whether to sacrifice such a large portion of their pay to obtain health insurance; in most cases Wal-Mart employees persist without health coverage. Deductions for health insurance are higher for Wal-Mart employees than other national retail employees. A Wal-Mart employee pays about 25% more for health insurance than the average retail worker. Wal-Mart has also been opposed by its female employees, who make up two- thirds of its workforce. Women have been discriminated in wage and have been denied any advancement to upper managerial positions – dominated my men. Men ake approximately more than women and have a higher chance of advancing to a better position. Dukes vs. Wal-Mart, filed in 2001, was the largest lawsuit against a private employer in the nation and represented 1. million female employees who were discriminated based on their sex. From lawsults to employee complalnts, Wal-Mart nas Deen Tacea wltn a great deal 0T difficulties that have developed through their own unethical business practices. Although every company’s goal is to lower costs and produce large numbers, Wal- Mart has made sky-rocketing profits by unethically hurting its employees and cutting down their wages. Many question why Wal-Mart, the rich est retailer in the world, chooses not to provide adequate wages or health benefits for its employees. If Wal-Mart were to reform its health benefits program, raise their product prices by as little as a penny, and create a bias free working environment for women, Wal- Mart would be in better terms with its employees and improve the reputation it sacrificed from the start. NOT ON WAL-MART WAGES INTRODUCTION Background Wal-Mart, the large international discount chain was founded by Sam Walton. On May 5, 1950, Walton purchased a store in Bentonville, Arkansas, and opened Walton’s 10. Little did the small town residents know that they would later become the headquarters for the world’s largest retailer store in the U. S. Through his sa’. n. y, and sometimes unusual, business practices, he and his associates led the company forward for thirty years. As Wal-Mart grew into a global corporation it is today, it has dealt with a great deal of criticism by outsiders. Wal-Mart’s ethical citizenship has been questioned numerous times and researched by many. There have been many doubts about Wal- Mart’s business integrity and questions whether their practices are ethical or not. Wal-Mart has faced, and is still facing, a significant amount of controversy over several different issues. Wal-Mart has been caught bribing its employees, discriminating against women, denying its employees of training or promotions, paying low wages, and providing high deductibles for health insurance. Wal-Mart is now paying the consequences and need to become socially responsible in order to maintain a better reputation with society. Although consumers are reeled in with the low prices Wal-Mart has to offer, others feel their ethical beliefs are more important than saving a quick buck. Purpose Statement of The purpose of this report is to examine Wal-Mart’s unethical business practices with a focus on employee wages and high health care deductibles. The report will question Wal-Mart’s aptitude to sell products cheaper than any of its leading competitors and yet maintain making a substantial amount of profit. The report will analyze the unethical practices that have developed through Wal-Mart’s history as a result of focusing on high productivity and profit making strategies. cope The report will describe Wal-Mart’s unethical business practices that affect its employees. It will examine Wal-Mart’s unethical behavior in conducting business with n overall focus on employee wages. Limitations Time constraints have limited the extent of the research. There is a vast amount of information regarding this issue and we are unable to report it all. In addition, no funds are available to conduct primary research. Methods of Research The meth od of research for this paper was secondary research through databases, internet websites, and books. The research databases of California State University, Los Angeles, will be used to locate articles in current and past publication. The databases used are Lexis/Nexis and Business Source Premiere. Also libraries, uch as the John F. Kennedy Memorial Library at California State University, Los Angeles and Los Angeles Public Library in Porter Ranch, California. The major findings of this study indicate that Wal-Mart being the world’s largest and richest retail chain is setting the standard on wages for retail workers and beyond. Because Wal-Mart has become so big, it has dragged down wages throughout the country. Wal-Mart has become what it is today by selling products at low prices and paying their â€Å"associates† even lower wages. Unhappy Wal-Mart workers complain as much about being over-worked as underpaid. Wal-Mart has its own stated policies at its employees’ expense. Wal-Mart pays it’s â€Å"associates† below basic living wage standards and even below poverty lines. Overworked and Underpaid Employees H. Lee Scott Jr. is the chief executive of the powerful corporation we call Wal-Mart. According to Mr. Scott, by selling vast quantities of goods at its trademark â€Å"Every Day Low Prices,† Wal-Mart has single-handedly raised America’s standard of living, saving consumers about $100 billion a year (Bianco 2). They feel that selling vast quantities of low price merchandise gives them the right to act as if they represent the American people. Scott states, â€Å"Wal-Mart also provides good Jobs for hundreds of thousands of equally deserving employees, offers even part-time workers generous health insurance and other benefits† (Bianco 2). He accuses greedy labor unions, inefficient supermarket chains, and other Wal-Mart opponents of distorting â€Å"the facts† to suit their own purposes. Wal-Mart insists on describing themselves as â€Å"pro-associate, not anti-union,† but is quick to suppress any and all attempts to have unions organize in its stores. In his book The Bully of Bentonville, Anthony Bianco describes how Wal-Mart has ffected wages beyond their own company: Because Wal-Mart Is so Dig, It nas araggea clown wages tnrougnout the country. Economists at the University of California at Berkeley found that Wal-Mart’s expansion during the 1990s cut the income of America’s retail employees by 1. 3 percent-or by $4. 7 billion in 2000 alone. What is more, the depressing effect of Wal-Mart’s expansion on payrolls extended well beyond retailing. According to a 2005 analysis by economists at the Public Policy Institute of California, take-home pay per person fell by 5 percent across the board following Wal-Mart’s entry into a country. The evidence â€Å"strongly suggest(s) that Wal-Mart stores lead to wage declines, shifts to lower-paying Jobs (or less skilled workers), or increased use of part-time workers. (4) Today, Wal-Mart is surrounded by controversy, but the greatest is from within. Unhappy employees are quitting and dozens of class-action lawsuits are pending against the company. Managers have been known to force employees to work extra hours without pay; either by eliminating breaks or by having them clock out and keep working â€Å"off the clock†. This is Wal-Mart’s way of saving on costs at the price of its employees. Store managers earn bonuses based on earnings. Since the corporation dictates the inventory and operating expenses, managers’ only control is labor costs. Joyce Moody, a former manager in Alabama and Mississippi, told the New York Times that Wal-Mart â€Å"threatened to write up managers if they didn’t bring the payroll in low enough†. Depositions in wage and hour lawsuits reveal that company headquarters leaned on management to keep their labor costs at 8 percent of sales or less, and managers in turn leaned on assistant managers to work their employee’s off-the-clock or simply delete time from employee time sheet (ufcw. g). In the late 1990’s Wal-Mart’s annual turnover rate was a remarkably high 70 percent, 40 percent higher than in previous years (Slater 120). Wal-Mart does not see this as being a problem. The constant turnover reduces employees eligible for raises, promotions, benefits, and holds the average wage down. Just another way to keep payroll costs at a minimum. Employee Wages Wal-Mart employs 1. 3 million workers in Just the U. S. and operates more than 3,400 stores throughout the United States. A full time employee working 28- 40 hours a week at Wal-Mart is paid on an average of $250 a week. Besides having low wages, those workers who are interested or eligible in obtaining health insurance for themselves or for their family pay high premiums and frequently don’t get the coverage they expect. The majority of Wal-Mart employees live below the poverty line and after making deductions in taxes and insurance coverage, a Wal-Mart employee’s salary is not enough to provide them a standard way of living. â€Å"The 2003 poverty guideline for a family of four is $18,400, $4,256 more than the $14,144 in earnings a full-time Wal-Mart worker earns at $8 per hour†¦ A household of four with a gross ncome of $23,920 or less could be eligible for food stamps -$9,776 more than a full- time, $8-an-hour Wal-Mart worker would earn in a year. † (www. aflcio. org) These numDers are even worst Tor part time workers. I oaay, one -tnlra 0T Wal-Marts employees are part-time workers. They are limited to less than 34 hours of work per week and are not eligible for benefits and must wait 1 year before they can enroll. Sex Discrimination in the Work Place In addition to Wal-Mart’s low wages, its female workers are more disadvantaged and discriminated against in wage than its male workers. More than two thirds of Wal- Mart’s hourly employees are women and make up most of the lower wage positions which include: working the cash registers, stocking shelves and working the sales floor. Although men take responsibilities in these positions as well, the majority of men who work at Wal-Mart have positions as Management Associates or much higher ranked positions. Seventy-two percent of Wal-Mart employees are female and less than one-third of those women have management positions in the company. With that in mind, the average male employee was paid about $5,000 more in 2001 per year than the average female full-time employee. As Wal-Mart’s own workforce data reveals, women in every major Job category at Wal-Mart have been paid less than men with the same seniority, in every year since 1997 even though the female employees on average have higher performance ratings and less turnover than men. (http://www. walmartclass. com). Dukes vs. Wal-Mart is said to be the largest and most famous gender discrimination lawsuit against a private employer and is the largest class-action suit in U. S. history, representing 1. 6 million current and former female employees. Betty Dukes was the leading plaintiff in the case and sued Wal-Mart for ex discrimination; she was a fifty-four year old African-American woman who worked as a greeter for Wal-Mart. Factors such as seniority and performance were Wal-Mart’s main excuses and reasons that women earned from 5% to 15% less than men. It is disappointing to see that even the cashier positions, that are dominated by women, have men earning more than women. Wal-Mart not only overworks, under pays and discriminates against women, but it also provides neither childcare for workers or affordable family health benefits. Unaffordable Healthcare Deductibles Wal-Mart employees are incapable of receiving healthcare benefits available for hem because of its high cost and their low wages. Since most of Wal-Mart’s employees are unable to afford these health benefits, most of these individuals either turn to government aided insurance such as Medicaid, depend on their spouse’s plans, or expect to see a doctor in rare and emergency cases with no insurance. It is argued that uncovered Wal-Mart employees are not signing up for medical insurance and benefits because most of them exceed the income ceiling and are not eligible. Wal-Mart provides insurance for over 900,000 employees that are with and with out dependants. Employee premiums range between $143. 54 to $249. 71 per month for family coverage and $33. 04 to $72. 04 per month for single coverage. The National Average of workers covered by employer health insurance is 67 percent, and only 47 percent of Wal-Mart’s employees are covered by the company’s health care plan. That is a huge gap when considering that each percent represents thousands of people. Most Wal-Mart employees have a difficult time aec101ng wnetner to attaln nealtn Insurance or stay unlnsurea Tor tne sake 0T saving money. ‘Cynthia Murray, who has worked at a Wal-Mart store in Laurel, Md. , or six years, suffers from asthma, but goes to see a doctor only when she suffers a bad attack. Murray is 50 years old, makes $9. 47 an hour, and says that the Wal-Mart plan that costs $23 a month has a $1,000 deductible, which makes it too expensive for her to use. Another plan subtracts $100 from her paycheck every two weeks. l don’t think anybody working at Wal-Mart has that kind of money,† says Murray. â€Å"All I’m asking from Wal-Mart is a fair share† (Gogol). Many Americans question why Wal- Mart, one of the richest companies in the United States, can’t offer affordable health insurance and pay a living wage. Comparing Wal-Mart’s employee heal th benefits and wages to Costco’s employee health benefits and wages, one will notice that Costco not only pays its employees higher than Wal-Mart but their deductions are far less. â€Å"The average wage at Costco is $17 an hour†¦. a full-time worker at Wal-Mart makes $7. 0 an hour on average. Costco workers pay Just 8% of their health premiums, whereas Wal-Mart workers pay 33% of theirs. Ninety-one percent of Costco’s employees are covered by retirement plans, with the company contributing an annual average of $1 ,330 per employee† (Cascio). Based on these facts, it is easy to ay that Wal-Mart employees are giving up a large portion of their paychecks to obtain health care. Wal-Mart employees who do have health insurance and receive coverage are paying more in premiums but receive less for their money; in large corporations this has become a trend. New laws have been passed intended to force large corporations to control employee wages and reduce insurance deductibles. From law suits to employee complaints, Wal-Mart has recently thought of ways to reduce the cost of health benefits. The new plan would charge monthly premiums ranging from $25. 00 for individuals to $65. 0 for a family, making that 45-65% less than what employees contributed in the company’s existing plan. But it is not enough to reform the reputation Wal-Mart has lost or the vulnerable employees they let down. oncluslons High productivity and lowering costs is one of the top and most important objectives in business. Wal-Mart being the World’s largest retailer can afford to pay their â€Å"associates† more than what the minimum wage offers. They are in fact, the richest retailer in the world and yet neglect to provide their employees affordable health care with a livable wage. Even if Wal-Mart was to pass 100 percent of the wage ncrease on t o consumers, the average impact on a Wal-Mart shopper would be quite small. Wal-Mart’s choice of action toward employee wages, health benefits, and bias work environment have not only brought an enormous shadow over its employees’ lives but also over its own big business reputation. The injustice decisions made through out the history of Wal-Mart has changed many lives and has forever changed the American economy. In the business world, there is big, and then there is Wal-Mart. Recommendations Based on the conclusions presented above, the following actions are recommended: 1 . Retaining â€Å"associates† already on staff would be more cost affective then high employee turnover. 2. Train employees. Give the opportunity to advance and have freedom to associate and organize. 12 3. Our analysis reveals that establishing a higher minimum wage for large retailers like Wal-Mart would have a significant impact on workers living in poverty or near- poverty. 4. In order to increase employee satisfaction, reforming the cost of health insurance would help keep Wal-Mart in good terms with their employees. 5. If Wal- Mart was to raise their prices by as little as a penny to the dollar it would afford them o pay the higher wages. Higher wages provide the employees opportunity to afford health coverage. . Implementing fair employment and labor practices. How to cite Wal-Mart, Papers

Analysis of Signed Sealed Delivery Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Signed Sealed Delivery Company. Answer: Business problem The Managing Director of Signed sealed delivery Richard Tupin formed signed, sealed parcel delivery Courier Company after working with other large international courier companies. The reason of forming the courier company resulted from an opportunity on the market (Fanti, M. Iacobellis.V. Ukovich, W. Boschian, V. Georgoulas, G. Stylios, C. 2015, 86). Major large companies were unable to deliver parcels to customers within a day. The company saw the need to tap on the opportunity. It started in humble beginnings operating using mobile phone word to mouth contact delivery with customers, two employees, listing contacts in yellow pages, and one pick up. But has the business grew they were able to form a website, hired a logistics person to work on coordinations, maintained a liaison office (warehouse). The business grew to become complicated for more information was needed to be recorded and accounted. These include delivery time, location, weight of the package, and printed guide for the parcel. The owner decided to be the person concerned with coordination. With rising of customers it resulted into two types of customers (bills payable due and payable upon receipt). There are those customers who wish to pay after a monthly basis and those customers who pay upon delivery. It was then necessary to have an accounting system that would help record details for the debtors. They would later be furnished with information on their account statement. The business grew with other complexities as the need to maintain contact lists for all customers. It was then necessary to have a contact person for the corporate customers paying monthly. The complexities of the operations meant that the business had to control its packages to avoid delays and losses. All the packages were scanned in the warehouse and were able to be tracked to the final customer. Once the delivery reaches the customer signs to signify receipt. With changes in technology in the market the business was prompted to implement a system that would serve the business needs well. Statement of purpose The growth of the business necessitated sealed, signed delivery company to find a simple not complicated system to serve its business needs. Business needs have changed and every time new functions arise which need immediate solutions which a good system need to provide or cater for them (McKinnon, A. 2013, 45). The purpose of having a new technology system is to be relevant and competitive in the market. The system adopted is one that would provide a better service to the owner and the customer easy to operate by both parties using it at any given time. Benefits of the system The implementation of the system brought several benefits both to the owner, employees and the customer. A good system is one that can provide several benefits to its end users at any given time. The system was linked with the website where the customer would do self-service. They were able to login, make choices and make an order which were more convenient and comfortable to them. For the employees especially the drivers they were able to track, view their scheduled pickups and identify destination schedules. The device would provide to them an alert of any pending delivery within their scheduled route. In addition they were provided with information with the type of package and customer details to ascertain accuracy. The system was beneficial to the owner of the business because it solved majority of the logistics and business related problems (Yang, Y. Sung, C. 2016, 56). The scheduling and tracking that was done manually previously were now easy done with the system. The system would now track and advice on the scheduled routes, it would provide status reporting to the owner on where, when and if the delivery has been done. A good system is one that can provide information and improve business performance at a particular period of time (Schnsleben, P. 2016, 35). Billing was previously done manually but now that was solved by the adoption of the system, the customers were able to be issued a receipt on the spot after verifications and payments have been done. System capabilities From system analysts a good system is one that is capable to be integrated with several functions and other systems to perform several functions (Grabara, J. Kolcun, M. Kot, S. 2014, 28). There were several functions that the system was capable to perform. First it was able to carry out logistic function it helped to record the schedule routes and destinations for different packages. Packages delivered in one route were organized using the system that reduced costs of repeating the same route with another delivery. The system was also a control measure for both the owner and the employees. Employees were able to be given alerts especially in case of wrong destination or wrong package delivery. The owner was able to track the package in terms of route and if it was delivered. It was important especially for valuable packages that needed attention. The status reporting is important especially if the owner is willing to cancel or re-route the package destination. The unique features of the system enabled a self-service method to apply. The system was directly linked with the website where the customers would login, identify weight category, calculate their charges, and order for the service conveniently. That means that the system was simple to operate and did not have any complexities. The portable digital with touch screen enabled the drivers to view their scheduled pickups and make deliveries for that run. The system was also capable of performing status reporting useful in tracking purposes. It was able to indicate if the packages are ready to be picked, have been picked, have arrived at warehouses, are out of delivery, delivered or have been cancelled. Any information regarding the order can be obtained easily any time making capable to provide decisional solutions. Another capability of the receipt is on the financial function. The system can do billing and provide receipts to the customers. Information maintained by the system can faci litate accounting related functions. Exclusions Exclusions in system management represent features, abilities and functions that a chosen system will not perform (Gilmour, P. 2013, 34). The system can provide business related solutions but there are other things that they cannot perform which might be necessary in parcel delivery business. The system is unable to calculate the weight of a parcel that has been delivered that makes it possible for any manipulations or risks. The customer can choose a weight category but the business will need to verify it manually. Payments are necessary when deliveries are made or need to be made. One feature that the system would do is receiving any payment in advance when the customer orders for the service. It would have facilitated pre-payments to avoid risks originating from customers not paying for services delivered. One other exclusion is on differentiating the types of customers. It does not report whether one is a monthly bill customer or is to pay on delivery. Only the owner is able to track the delivery status the customer is not given the opportunity by the system to track the whereabouts of its package that could have increased its accountability and service provision. The system excluded some of the security features of the package service delivery. No information of the packages needs to be provided to a third person in terms of content and value of the items this is to avoid pilferages and theft. References Fanti, M.P., Iacobellis, G., Ukovich, W., Boschian, V., Georgoulas, G. and Stylios, C., 2015. A simulation based Decision Support System for parcel delivery management. Journal of Computational Science, 10, pp.86-96. Gilmour, P., 2013. Benchmarking supply chain operatios. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Vol4 (7), pp.23-56 Grabara, J., Kolcun, M. and Kot, S., 2014. The role of information systems in transport logistics. International Journal of Education and Research, 2(2), pp.28-36. McKinnon, A.C., 2013. Starry-eyed: journal rankings and the future of logistics research. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 43(1), pp.6-17. Schnsleben, P., 2016. Integral logistics management: parcel courier management within and across companies. CRC Press. Yang, Y.C. and Sung, C.Y., 2016. Service quality improvement strategies for liner-carrier-based global logistics companies. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 8(4), pp.456-487

Keat And Shelley Essays - Literature, Poetry, Ode To A Nightingale

Keat And Shelley In Keat's "Ode to a Nightingale" and Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" both poet's show much inspiration within their poetry. The bird in "Ode to a Nightingale" represents a supernatural being conjured up by the speaker. The wind in "Ode to the West Wind" inspires the speaker while serving as a "destroyer and preserver." In the poem, "Ode to a Nightingale" the reader sees that the poet draws his inspiration through hemlock which the poet had drunk and some kind of opiate. The poet speaks about dying from the consumption of some type of poisonous drink in stanza two. The speaker wants to, "Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget / What thou among the leaves has never known (21-22)." He doesn't seem to have much respect for or admiration of the world. The speaker cites all of the bad aspects of life and the world which inspire him to contemplate suicide. This idea of death and suicide is further displayed through the quote in stanza six : " I have been half in love with easeful Death, ...Now more than ever seems it rich to die, To cease upon the midnight with no pain, While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad In such an ecstasy (52-58)." The reader's contemplation of suicide is thoroughly depicted through this quote. The reader is actually thinking these thoughts because he realizes that the beautiful bird's songs only occur through death because the bird is immortal and with the immortal bird comes the immortal song. He shows his admiration for the bird when he speaks of the bird's past experiences. He is greatly inspired by the bird and this is the reason for this poem, but in the last stanza he returns to reality and back to his "sole self". He no longer wants to die and hear this immortal song sung by the bird which he once longed to experience. In ?Ode to the West Wind', the reader sees yet another poet inspired by something that has caught the speaker's attention.

Understanding the Ramifications of Overfishing

Understanding the Ramifications of Overfishing Simply put, overfishing is when so many fish are caught that the population cant reproduce enough to replace them. Overfishing can lead to depletion of or extinction of fish populations. The depletion of top predators, like tuna, enable smaller marine species to overpopulate affecting the rest of the food chain.  Deep sea fish are thought to be more at risk than shallow water fish due to their slow metabolism and smaller rates of reproduction. Types of Overfishing There are three types of overfishing: Ecosystem overfishing happens when a predatory species, like tuna, has a sharp decline in population enabling smaller marine species to overpopulate.Recruitment overfishing occurs when a fish is harvested before it is old enough to reproduce.Growth overfishing is when a fish is harvested before it has reached its full size.   Overfishing in the Past Some of the earliest examples of overfishing occurred  in the 1800s when the whale population was decimated in order to produce high-demand products. Whale blubber was used to create candles, lamp oil and the whalebone was used in everyday items.   In the mid-1900s there was a sardine population collapse on the West Coast due to climate factors combined with overfishing. Fortunately, sardine stocks had rebounded by the 1990s.   Preventing Overfishing As fisheries have returned smaller yields each year governments around the world are looking into what can be done to prevent overfishing. Some of the methods include expanding the use of aquaculture, more effective enforcement of laws governing catches, and improved fisheries management.   In the U.S., Congress passed The Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 which defines overfishing as a rate or level of fishing mortality that jeopardizes a fisherys capacity to produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY) on a continuing basis.

9 Surprising Ways Writers Can Supplement Their Writing Income

9 Surprising Ways Writers Can Supplement Their Writing Income 9 Surprising Ways Writers Can Supplement Their Writing Income Val Breit is the founder of The Common Cents Club, where she coaches others to take charge of their finances, their future, and their freedom so they can spend more time doing what they love (without going broke). She especially loves strategizing ways to turn a love for writing into multiple streams of income as a stay-at-home mom.You’re an author. You love to write. And you’d love to earn a full-time income from writing, but so far, those book sales are not paying the bills. You may even wonder if you should throw in the towel on this author dream.Honestly, most authors are in that boat - myself included.But I was determined to stay with my kids rather than return to my stressful day job, so I ventured outside of the author box to discover new ways to supplement my income. Now I’m excited to share with you ten of the best ways you can earn money from your book and your self-publishing skills to keep the dream alive.1. Start SpeakingAs a writer, there’s a fairly good chance you’re an introvert like me. I had no intention of public speaking when I published my first book. Then I read  You Must Write a Book  by Honoree Corder and vowed if I was ever invited to speak and share my experience and knowledge, I would accept.As a first-time, no-name author, I didn’t think it would happen†¦ until it did. Without any mention of speaking on my website, social media, or in my book, I received paid invitations to speak just a few months after publishing. Albeit nerve-racking, I connected with new readers, expanded my author platform, and even paid a few bills! Taking advantage of speaking opportunities is yet another way to earn money related to your book.2. Become a GhostwriterIt’s always a good idea to offer a bonus item for your readers in exchange for their email address. Anyone who’s already read your book is interested in what you have to say - now imagine having an entire list of those people right at your fingertips the next time you publish a book. While this strategy doesn’t pay immediately, it makes selling future books much easier. Not sure how to start growing your email list as an author? This free course is a fantastic place to start.8. Monetize Your BlogDo you already have a blog that you’re directing your readers to? Not only can you gather email addresses and build a relationship with them, you can also use affiliate links or ads to monetize it. Again, this is not a get-rich-quick method, but if you love blogging and already have traffic coming to your blog, monetizing it is fairly simple. People like Pat Flynn and Michelle Shroeder-Gardner have mastered and teach affiliate income strategies for bloggers.9. Freelance WritingLast but not least, freelance writing is another way to earn money by writing. Make a Living Writing is a great site for learning how to find writing jobs and keep a full roster of freelance clients. There are websites in just about every niche that pay $50 or $100+ per article.By saying â€Å"yes† to opportunities outside your comfort zone, you can find new ways to earn money beyond your book sales.Have you tried any of these money-making methods before? Which are you most excited to try? Leave your thoughts in the comments below and we’ll get back to you right away.

The efectivness of our court systems Research Paper

The efectivness of our court systems - Research Paper Example However not much ray of hope can be ascertained because one can encounter a number of problems left, right and center within these ranks and specifically within the United States of America. Within the domains of the United States, as statistics have proven, in 2006-07, adult criminal courts processed around 372,000 court cases which involved 1,080,000 charges. These figures were more or less unchanged as one compares the same with 2005-06. The number of cases that were termed as complete from the criminal justice domains was therefore slow but work was underway all the same. The delay process is so lengthy that a number of suitors find it hard to comply with the cases, asking them to drop the case and move on with life. The effectiveness of the court systems therefore takes a nosedive, and this is one aspect that must be properly understood before moving ahead any further (Vanhala, 2011). What is staggering to state the least is the fact that males are accused more than their female counterparts. United States has seen that around 78% of all involved were males while the remaining 16% were females within the adult criminal court cases, which saw an undisclosed 6% not naming the gender that was involved. How cases get processed within any court system in the world is something that one needs to properly comprehend and that too in a quick way (Clear, 2009). Bringing an accused to trial is one of the most significant pointers that one can think of when understanding the nuances linked with the court systems. Since this is a fundamental principle within a number of criminal justice systems of the United States courts (Kostulski, 2011). Whether or not the court systems are doing their jobs properly could easily be ascertained from the fact that there is immense disharmony within the related realms. The court systems need to be made tougher so that the offenders cannot take the entire criminal justice system for granted. United States needs to broaden the horizon th at surrounds the thinking of working along the court systems where the accused find more time than the party which has been hard done by. One can think of these regimes as being subverted due to the fact that the entire incorporation of the court systems has been ransacked as the ‘system’ metaphor is flawed. If stricter measures are ensured within the United States court systems, it will mean that the effectiveness of the same would be guaranteed to a greater extent than these are at the present. There would be less repeat offenders and such individuals would be discouraged before undertaking an offensive act which might ruin their reputation, careers or just about anything which is deemed as significant for their entirety (Apparicio, 2008). Stricter measures would ensure within United States that there is harsh compliance with the rules and laws of the land and the court systems would not go astray as far as the work realms of the court systems are concerned. There wou ld be immense significance on the way the United States courts are being held and the manner in which their work is being manifested, day in and day out. Within United States, the aspect of the punishments being harsher in this day and age holds a great amount of significance because

Organizational Support for Creativity Part II Assignment

Organizational Support for Creativity Part II - Assignment Example ate Education (2012) noted about the impact of the size of organizations on the support for creativity, I am convinced that your organization can do even better in supporting creativity if there was a way of categorizing the potentials of different people within the organization. This way, the organization would have a relatively smaller quantum of creativity to support than supporting individual creativity in the manner that currently exists for your large organization with 6000 employees. Hoever, I., van Knippenberg, D., van Ginkel, W., & Barkema, H. (2012). Fostering team creativity: Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversitys potential. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(5), 982–996. In terms of the room given to employees to be creative, I find that your organization is very different from mine because in my case there is so much room for people to explore their individual creative skills. But analyzing your organization critically, I find that one crucial factor that influenced creativity was the nature of organizational structure you have where the top seem to be so much apart from the down. This is because Ekvall (1996) notes that in such situations, there is much likely to be absence of support for creativity because the top hardly knows what is taking place downward (Kim, Kim and Wilde, 2008). I am therefore of the opinion that if there was a frontline management system, a lot more would have been seen of employees in terms of what they have to offer to the organization and so they would have been given the freedom to create (Ekvall, 1996). I would therefore conclude by saying that the importance of leading from all levels of the organization is to ensure that leaders are close enough with subordinates so that they can promote them to be

Information or Advice and Guidance Essay Example for Free

Information or Advice and Guidance Essay I work as Locality Co-ordinator for NALS, based at The Gatehouse in Hexham. My role is varied and no two days are the same, however predominantly I manage the building on a daily basis, dealing with the public, clients, tutors and any other persons who access the building. I ensure safe working practices/classrooms in accordance with Northumberland County Council policies as well as working closely with the Locality Manager to ensure the smooth running of centre/courses. I also deal with any issues as and when they should arise. I contribute to the development of the service and monitor client  attendance. I provide information, advice and guidance to clients enquiring about courses/finance as well as advising enrolled clients about choices for progression routes Where I am not able to help a client directly I can refer or signpost them for specialist help. I have provided information and advice to a support worker enquiring on the behalf of a client who is supported in the community, the client volunteers in a local charity shop but struggles with reading. I referred the client to the NALS brochure which she had with her at the time. I drew her attention to the free Functional Skills English class which takes place on a Tuesday with tutor Ged, which covers both reading and writing. I explained that an assessment would have to be carried out to ascertain the clients level. I arranged for a time and date on which the client could be assessed with a view to her potentially beginning the course. I have provided information and advice to a local employer regarding construction courses. I referred to the NALS website and read out brief descriptions of the courses on offer. I sent an e-mail to the client signposting him to Mike Smith who is the course leader. I also provided PDF documents of course descriptions. The clients who access The Gatehouse vary from 16-85 years old. The younger clients are those who did not gain any qualifications at school and whom work towards their Functional Skills (in ICT, Maths and English) parallel to the their chosen course e.g. Working with Children and Young People. Some clients study Access to Higher Education to gain entry into Further/Higher Education. Mature students enrol on a variety of courses whether this be a leisure course or certificated course in languages or ICT. Courses are advertised in brochures which are published three times throughout the year (Autumn, January and Summer.) Leaflets, posters are also displayed in the local job centre e.g. certificated courses such as ICT to help gain employment. NALS has a dedicated website describing courses as well as an electronic version of the brochure. Adverts are also placed in the local press (Hexham Courant.) I also post out information to clients, discuss courses over the telephone and e-mail. Some clients come to the centre and face a particular barrier such as disability. When supporting clients who have a hearing impairment I can either send information electronically or use an induction loop system if the client is in the centre. For visually impaired clients I produce information resources in large text and for ESOL clients information is provided in another language e.g. NALS brochure. I also use different colours of paper for dyslexia. I currently have a client who has impaired vision, for whom I produce all information materials in a large font onto A3 paper. Another client who has dyslexia has benefited from resources which I copy onto yellow paper. To meet the needs of clients who have limited mobility I organise the timetable so that their course is on the ground floor rather than on the first floor. I currently support a client on a language course whose health has deteriorated recently due to arthritis/operations. The class took place on the first floor and she was finding the stairs difficult (we do not have a lift). When this was brought to my attention, I met her needs by moving the class to the ground floor for ease of access. Prior to courses starting enrolment forms are completed by either myself or by clients and once clients commence their courses these forms are sent to Head Office and centrally stored. Enrolment forms that remain on-site are held in locked filing cabinets. Any data which is held electronically e.g. spreadsheet of students on current courses containing any personal details such as date of birth/contact details is password protected. This is all carried out in line with Data Protection Act 1988. Northumberland County Council holds a clean desk policy therefore any client information is locked away at the end of each day In the reception area of my centre a variety of leaflets are on display in racks covering topics such as course information and safeguarding. These can be accessed by clients at any time. In the line with the Equality Act 2010 I can contact Head Office to obtain leaflets in other languages. In my centre I have set up a spreadsheet which holds information on current students such as:- Name Postcode Contact Details Date of Birth Course Start/End date Payment method This is password protected and kept up to date and easily accessible. Head Office centrally hold all enrolment forms once clients have commenced a course, however the electronic system EBS is not always up to date (the front end of the database which we have access to) and sometimes it is difficult to retrieve information on current clients. If clients have a change of circumstance, I use online forms to notify Head Office of this e.g. should they move address, contact details, or withdraw from a course. Copies of any changes are also kept on file in office/within course registers. Online forms, once submitted now automate an acknowledgement that they have been received via e-mail. Copies of this e-mail are kept in folders within my e-mail i.e. Withdrawal confirmation as well as a paper copy of the submitted form. I monitor all information leaflets in the centre ensuring that they are up to date and re-order when necessary.

Open Boat vs. Hurricane Hugo :: essays research papers fc

Humanity tends to see itself as being somewhat important in the grand scheme of the Universe. We speak of "fate" as if we were put here for some reason, or purpose. We have our religions, which often serve as an engine to drive our lives and as a means to give meaning to them. But why do we think of ourselves in such a superior fashion? Would the Universe stop if we were suddenly taken away? In his short story, "The Open Boat," Stephen Crane shows us a Universe totally unconcerned with the affairs of humankind; it is an indifferent Universe in which Man has to struggle to survive. The characters in the story come face to face with this indifference and are nearly overcome by Nature's lack of concern.1 In a similar account, my family was faced with the same Universe and the damage that can be done without compassion. We were faced with a fight for our lives, and the battle was a tough one. 2 My family, like the characters in the story only survived through persist ence and cooperation. Crane said it best when he wrote, in our constant struggle for survival, all we have is, â€Å"stubborn pride—and each other.† 1 Stephen Crane's "The Open Boat" gives us a dose of reality that at first seems bitter, but it gradually induces a catharsis and in the end stands as testament to the human spirit. His claim that the Universe will never bend to the will of man is outweighed by his reassurances that we will always have each other. And when we contemplate "a high cold star on a winter's night"1 we will not need to feel alone, because we can always turn to another person. I learned this through my own personal struggle, but I was not alone, my family went through the same storm, and we survived together. 2 My family was resting peacefully in their beds Thursday, September 21, 1989, the night that Hurricane Hugo struck the South Carolina coast. Earlier in the evening my father kissed us goodbye and went to work the night shift at his job. My grandparents had come to our house because they were staying at Myrtle Beach for vacation and the coast had been evacuated in preparation for the storm. We lived in Columbia, which was centrally located in the state, so we thought that we were out of harms way.

Research Gaming as an Occupation Essay

This research paper attempts to focus on the topic â€Å"gaming as an occupation†. Specifically the paper focuses on the Formula 1, race car driving. Formula 1 is a sport that has millions of fans in all the corners of the globe and in my view a research paper on race car driving as an occupation would be interesting as well as enlightening. The objective of the research paper is to provide information on Formula 1 as an occupation. The paper focuses on the history of Formula one. How it started, when it started etc are the main objectives addressed in the history part. The paper will describe the salaries of different drivers as Formula 1 is one of the highest paid sports in the world. It will highlight the salaries earned by drivers in the business. It will focus upon the requirements of the sport, from age to physical fitness, from legal requirements to company requirements. Furthermore the paper will discuss the different stages a driver has to pass through, before he is qualified to become a Formula 1 driver. These stages include early training to a professional driver and the rigorous mental and physical training. Experiences of different drivers also narrate a different story about the world of Formula 1 racing and that is why such experiences will be used in the paper to provide insights. The paper also discusses the sport as a business. With time F1 has grown in to an industry earning huge sums of money in just one season for everyone, be it the constructors, the media or the sponsors. The paper then ends with a conclusion summarizing what formula one offers and requires as an occupation. INTRODUCTION AND THESIS: Formula 1 racing which is also known as F1 to many is the top class motor car racing certified by the Federation of International Automobiles. The word formula refers to specific rules that every team has to comply with. It dates back to European motor racing of 1920’s and 1930’s. The first formula one race was held in England at Silverstone in 1950 after the world war and a championship for constructors (those who provide the cars) first took in 1958. Today formula one has become a legend in the world of motorsports. The season consists of a series of races held at different places in the world and the championship is known as Grand Prix. It is held on proper circuits or city roads such as Monaco or Singapore. At the end of the season, two championships are awarded; one for the best driver and one for the constructor. Europe is like the headquarters of formula one. Most of the races take place in Europe and all the teams are Europe based as well. However in the recent years the scope of the sport has expanded and nowadays drivers from all around the world try to qualify as a formula one racer. To get the license of a formula one racer, a driver has to pass many tests and rigorous physical and mental training. The speed of a formula one car is approximately 360 km/hr which explains why stamina and strength and mental concentration are very important for these drivers. This is also one reason formula one racers are amongst the highest paid employees in the world and have a very large fan following. Based on the introduction my thesis statement would be: â€Å"As an occupation, formula one has to offer high wages, fan following, glamour and in return requires a great lot of physical and mental endurance in compliance with the requirements of the federation of International Racing. † HISTORY: Formula one is one of the biggest racing and television events of the world. As a sport it is as famous as football or cricket. The history goes down to 1950’s from where it all started. Europe was the base for motorsport racing and the era of 1920 and 30’s gave rise to motor racing as a professional sport. Thus motor racing got divided into many divisions based on engine specifications, constructors, car types etc. one of these was formula one. ‘The first formula one race was held at Silverstone, England in 1950 and a constructor’s champion ship was followed by in 1958. ’ (Bruce Jones, 15) The Formula in the name is a set of rules which all participants must comply to. This was a new formula which was introduced after World War II in motor racing. With the passage of time, the Formula saw many changes. Now it has totally modified into anew form because of the advanced auto mobile technology, the high speed engines and different track scenarios. HOW TO BECOME A FORMULA ONE DRIVER: To become a formula one racer, the drivers start from basic carting. As seen those who start at early ages, have been the most successful drivers in the history of formula one. The current champion Hamilton started carting at the age of 9. Carting is a basic cart with steering capabilities, acceleration and braking. This helps improve the driver’s skills in the art of steering, speed and brakes in closed circuits. After the driver is considered to be a qualified carter, he tries his luck in domestic championships or traditional European championships such as Formula 3 or Formula Ford. These races are the same as formula 1, but have lower car specifications and the circuits are closed and round usually. The top racers in these championships move to GP2. The Gp2 series started in 2005 though but the top three champions of GP2 since 2005 have been moving to formula one. Before GP2, formula two and formula 3000 were the criteria for qualifying as a formula one driver. Though mostly British F3 series is one of the best place where constructors look for formula one drivers. Also to be noted is that there are drivers who have made straight to formula one such as Michael Schumacher who came from simple Motor Racing. Thus qualifications are not a compulsion but obviously they do have an impact on the selection. THE PAYSCALE: As all other sports around the world, formula one is also a contract based sports. The drivers are hired on contract for a single season or for as many seasons as the constructors and the driver agree to. The earning there fore are on an annual basis. Last year’s champion Hamilton earned a one million pounds and is now on a five year contract with the constructor McLaren-Mercedese which is estimated to be worth approximately 70 million pounds and bonuses and endorsements are not included in this. Michael Schumacher according to the website Askmen. com earned a U. S. $67 million only from endorsements. From the tracks, his contracted pay was around U. S. $32 million only which is almost half of what he got from endorsements only. One cannot make an estimate on the industry average as the rates vary depending on the constructor that has hired the driver. Also usually the salaries are not announced that openly so whatever data is available is through what people or media find out form sources. Though based on estimation all the drivers on contract earn above a $5 million approximately as per the driving earnings listed on the website; ‘The F1 FAQ, 2008’. (Marcel, 01) REQUIREMENTS FOR BECOMING A FORMULA 1 DRIVER: Age: As far as age is concerned, a formula one driver can even be fifteen years old. As obvious, the requirement of the sport is not age, it is skills in driving and how you show them on the track. According to an article by the BMW Sauber Team, the famous driver Nick Hiedfeld says that these days anyone can enter the formula one BMW team at the age of fifteen. As these young amateurs enter the Karting stage early, it is obvious that they will hit the Formula one track early as well. (BMW, 01). The retirement age is not very explicitly specified but generally drivers retire around 30 because they themselves realize that now onwards racing would not be tough, it would be hard. Physical Fitness: Physical fitness is something that a team never compromises when selecting a formula one driver. As the car moves on a speed of 360 km/hr, there is great force acting on the body of the driver. This force is termed as the â€Å"G force. † This G force exerts a lot of pressure on the body of the driver and requires endurance. Similarly the lighter the weight of the driver, the faster the speed of the car as in formula one everything matters, from the fuel weight to driver’s weight. The suit is also of leather to provide maximum protection and on a sunny day conditions sometimes become miserable for the drivers. Thus becoming a formula one driver requires extraordinary physical strength. Mental Concentration: Mental attentiveness comes along with physical vigor in order to become a formula one driver. A short lack of concentration and focus can cost the constructors their car and the driver his career. Accidents on such a high speed are fatal. Apart from accidents there are split seconds decisions required such as when to speed up and when to hit the brakes at the right time or to overtake at the moment or not etc. All these choices require focus and sharpness. FORUMS: There are different forums for the fans to discus latest news regarding the world of formula one. Most popularly used forums include the forum on the homepage of Formula one and the forum on the webpage of Planet F-1. These forums also provide the fans to discuss driver ratings and performances and their views about the championships or a particular ace etc. These forums are reviewed by teams at times and important decisions related to fans are sometime taken with the help of discussions on the forums. FORMULA 1 AS A BUSINESS: The formula one racing has evolved into a business, an industry. The tickets are allotted on basis of stands owned by the constructors. The tickets sold earn a great amount of sum for the constructors. Ferrari stands for example are estimated to earn around U. S. $300 million approximately for the entire season (Financial Times, n/a). Though this is the one of the highest earned sums in the industry it still shows how much money is generated in this business. The constructors then also earn from media partners and sponsors. CONCLUSION: To conclude, one can confidently say that formula one is no doubt one of the sports that people would definitely prefer as an occupation. The sport has everything to offer which one requires from his or her occupation. Money, fame, world tours and a star studded life are the benefits of becoming a professional formula one driver. The sport though requires a great deal of physical and mental effort but then again fame and fortune do not come easy. It has already surpasses the stage of racing, it has become a business and an industry worth billions of dollars. Works Cited Bruce and Damon Hill. The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Formula One: The Definitive Illustrated Guide to Grand Prix Motor Racing 2007. MBI publishing company. 2007. Marcel Schot. The F1 FAQ, Atlas F1. 2000 http://atlasf1. autosport. com/2000/ita/faq. html ‘F1 Network’. BMW F1 Sauber Team. Dec. 4, 2006. http://www. f1network. net/main/s491/st108520. htm ‘The business of sports: Formula 1. ’ Financial Times. Sept. 25, 2008. http://www. ft. com/cms/s/0/57eb0d84-8922-11dd-a179-0000779fd18c,dwp_uuid=1d7d1f1a-2041-11dd-80b4-000077b07658,s01=1. html

An Examination Of The Indian Natural Resources Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionConsequently, the First Five Year Plan presented an history of the land, H2O, mineral and energy resources of the state on the footing of information so available. It drew attending to the chief jobs in each field and put out programmes for farther studies and probes. It besides offered suggestions for beef uping the administrations responsible for these studies, supplying them with forces and equipment. and spread outing programmes of preparation. Over the past few old ages administrations covering with the study and use of natural resources, such as the Indian Council of Agri- cultural Research, the Central Water and Power Commission, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Geological Survey of India, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Indian Bureau of Mines, Survey of India, Forest Research Institute Atomic Energy Commission, and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and its National Laboratories have been greatly expanded and have undertaken a series of new studies and probes. These studies have resulted in a fuller appraisal of the state ‘s natural resources conveying to illume the spreads in informa- tion associating to these resources as besides their lacks in rela- tion to the state ‘s hereafter demands, 2. The aim of planning is to raise the criterion of life of the people as a whole. The attainment of this nonsubjective involves the development on scientific lines of the state ‘s natural and human resources. Expanded demand for natural resources and stuffs has led to technological developments which have in portion overcome limita- tions and therefore increased the supply of resources. The dynamic forces at work in making displacements in the demand for and supply or natural resources necessitate their uninterrupted survey every bit good as reformulation of policies associating to them. Natural resources must be looked at in a co-ordinated mode and their probe and use planned for long-run demands. The extent to which resources have been studied and possibilities established in front of demands is an of import factor finding the rate at which the economic system can turn. 3. With the preparation of the Third Five Year Plan, the phase has reached when, as a necessary status of well-conceived long-run programs, a comprehensive position demands to be taken of the extent and quali- ty of the information available in regard of the state ‘s chief natural resources. The principal spreads which exist, the studies required in this connexion, and the farther stairss needed in relation to specific long scope aims, such as irrigation, power, steel, coal, oil and minerals, land usage and forest resources have to be iden- tified. As stated earlier, over the following 15 old ages, population may increase by about 187 million. Increase in labour force is reckoned at approximately 70 million, of whom some two-thirds must be absorbed outside agribusiness. It becomes, hence, a affair of the greatest impor- tance that a high rate of economic ‘growth is achieved and sustained during this period. Her natural resources give India a big poten- tial for agricultur al and industrial production, and their rapid development is an indispensable status for the accomplishment over the following two or three Plan periods, of a autonomous and self-sustained economic system which can supply to the mass of the people continually lifting life criterions and chances for paid employment. The long- term ends in national and per capita incomes and the development of agribusiness, irrigation and power, and the probationary marks sug- gested earlier for industries like steel, aluminum, coat, oil refin- ing, fertilizers, cement and others can merely be achieved in clip if the nature and extent of the natural resources of the state and the indispensable demands refering their development are assessed and the necessary stairss taken good in progress. For balanced development, it is every bit necessary to measure handinesss, demands and possibilities in relation to each of the chief parts within the state. 4. In the Chapters on irrigation and power, woods, indus- attempts, minerals and others, an effort has been made to bespeak the chief waies in which farther attempts are needed to determine more to the full the resources of the state and the steps required for their more rapid development. The object of the present Chapter is to put the job of measuring and developing 96 THIRD FIVE Year Plan natural resources in the context of the Third and subsequent Plans and to explicate briefly some of the deductions in this regard of the growing of population and of intensive and largescale industialisation. A unit for Natural Resources has been late set up in the Planning Commission for analyzing jobs associating to the appraisal and development of natural resources and helping the assorted agen- cies engaged in the study and probe of these resources in associating up their work closely with the demands of the quickly turning economic system, and by and large, assisting in procuring a common attack in assorted related Fieldss. This unit will be strengthened as its work develops. In coaction with other administrations, it is hoped to set up for co-ordinated surveies of natural resources on a go oning footing, to stipulate spreads in the bing information, peculiarly from the facet of long-run development, and to propose suited policies and steps for giving consequence to them. Against this background, it is proposed briefly to reexamine recent developments and to bespeak the jobs that lie in front in relation to the development of the land, H2O, mineral, energy and other resources of the state. TwoLAND RESOURCES5. The most of import natural resource of the state is land, which is the base for agricultural production. While population grows, the land surface is fixed, and of this lone a certain propor- tion is available for cultivation. Several facets of the job demand to be studied. Through irrigation and other steps of agricul- tural development, the productiveness of land can be well in- creased. It is necessary to determine the extent to which land now lying waste can go available for cultivation. Increasing popula- tion besides means backdown of countries now under farms for edifice houses. Development of communications such as roads, railroads, and air passages may take up fertile land. Owing to rapid urbanization and growing of big metropoliss land is needed for Parkss and unfastened infinites. Irrigation dike may submerse fertile countries. Industrial workss and other constitutions besides require significant countries. In all these developments wherever fertile land can be saved attempts should be made to make so. This indicates the demand for a comprehensive stock list of land and for greater polish in land categorization and uninterrupted attending to land usage. 6. Land utilisation.-The entire geographical country of India is about 806 million estates, of which describing country is about 721 million estates and net country sown is about 318 million estates. The wide fea- tures of the present form of land use and that anticipated by the terminal of the Third Plan are set out in the Table below: Table 1: Land use in 1965-66 ( country in million estates ) 1955-56 1960-61 1965-66 entire describing country 720.0 721.0 721.0 woods 125.6 131.0 132.0 land under assorted tree harvests and groves 13.9 14.0 15.0 lasting grazing lands and other croping lands 28.4 32.0 32.0 culturable waste 54.8 47.0 40.0 wastes and uncultivated land and land put to non-agricultural usage 118.7 114.0 114.0 fallow lands other than current fallows 30.9 28.0 26.0 current fallows 29.5 28.0 25.5 non country shown 318.2 327.0 335.0 country sown more than one time 44.4 51.5 67.0 gross country sown 362.6 378.5 402.0 Availability per caput of arable land in India is about 0.82 estates as against 0.42 in U.K. , 0.48 in Germany, 0.17 in Japan, 0.50 in China, 2.68 in U.S.A. and 2.59 in U.S.S.R. 7. Soil surveys.-Until late cognition of dirts in different parts of the state was unequal and the necessary Administration for dirt studies had non been established. Appraisal of dirt resources, affecting study and categorization of dirts provides the footing for measuring their potencies every bit good as their restrictions for effec- tive development and rational land use.The chief object of dirt studies is to sort and adult male out of assorted types of dirts, to cognize dirt differences, and to organize cognition of dirts with a position to puting down criterions of terminology, etc. With the assistance of these studies it becomes possible to fix strategies for the better usage of land and to be after, for dirt preservation and irrigation and drainage plants. In 1955 an all-India dirt study strategy was initiated at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute with a position to transporting out reconnaissance dirt studies taking to correlativity of dirts of different parts. Soil correlativity work involves categorization and puting down of terminology of dirts on a unvarying footing and besides the readying of dirt study studies and dirt maps. In the field of dirt studies, State Governments are specially concerned with facets associating to agriculture, forestry, irrigation, drainage, dirt conser- vation, etc. Since there are common dirt jobs covering more than one State and all States do non hold their ain dirt study organisa- tions, with a position to organizing work on dirts, it was felt that the best class would be to put up research labs on a regional footing for the four major dirt groups happening in India, viz. , ( 1 ) at Delhi, for the Alluvial Soil Region, ( 2 ) at Poona ( now at Nagpur ) for the Black Soil Region, ( 3 ) at Kharagpur ( now at Calcutta ) for the Red and Laterite Soil Region I, and ( 4 ) at Bangalore NATURAL RESOURCES 97 for the Red and Laterite Soil Region II. Three old ages after its origin, the strategy was integrated with the strategy for dirt and land usage planning drawn up by the Central Soil Conservation Board for the intent of dirt and land usage study in the catchment countries of six major river vale undertakings, viz. , Machkund, Hirakud, Chambal, Bhakra Nangal, Kosi and Damodar, numbering about 78,000 square stat mis. Surveies in the catchment countries aim at sorting lands into capableness categories basically from the point of position of following dirt preservation steps with a position to understating dirt eroding, preserv- ing the top dirt for cultivation and forestalling sediment fluxing into storage reservoirs, and therefore increasing their life. Soil preservation work in the catchment countries involves elaborate studies in agricultural lands and reconnaissance studies in other countries. The entire country to be surveyed is about 500,000 square stat mis. By the beginning of 196 1, an country of about 18,000 square stat mis had been covered by both elaborate ‘and reconnaissance studies undertaken through the all-India strategy. Of this country, about 3000 square stat mis fall within the catchment countries of the river vale undertakings. Soil study administrations in the States have surveyed about 50,000 square stat mis. Under the all-India programme, about 23,000 square stat mis are to be surveyed during the Third Plan. 18. Survey of wastelands.-Agricultural production can be stepped up through extension of country under cultivation by cultivating waste lands, dual cropping of individual harvest countries, and other steps of intensifiers farming. There is considerable range for widening the gross country sown by dual cropping. It is anticipated that the country sown more than one time might increase from about 52 million estates in 1960-61 to about 67 million estates by 1965-66. Harmonizing to the avail- able land use statistics the country under culturable waste in 1955-56 amounted to about 55 million estates. In June 1959, the Govern- ment of India constituted a Committee to do a study of land classi- fied as â€Å" other uncultivated land excepting fallow lands † and â€Å" fallow lands other than current fallows † and to turn up countries where big blocks of land are available for renewal and relocation. The Committee has completed its study of seven States. In these, the country o f barren available for cultivation in blocks of 250 acre or more is reckoned at about a million estates. The Committee ‘s findings sing the present statistics of barrens are of considerable importance. On the whole the bing informations are non sufficiently dependable, and lands classified as culturable waste at the clip of colony frequently continue to be shown as such in the gross records long after they have come under cultivation. In the position of the Committee, the mere aggregation of statistics under the caput ‘cultura- ble waste ‘ can function small intent and elaborate information should be available about the types of barrens in each State, the ownership of such lands, their handiness in ample blocks and the cost of renewal steps. The Committee has, hence, recommended that rapid reconnaissance studies should be conducted for roll uping such information. 9. To sum up, there are big spreads in the information at present available sing land resources. To procure speedy consequences it is necessary that land studies utilizing photogrammetric techniques ( aerial exposure ) should be undertaken, and informations on and utilize, land betterment, renewal of water-logged, saline and alkalic lands and productiveness should be collected in a systematic mode with a position to pulling up farther programs. ThreeFOREST Resource10. Out of the entire geographical country of 1.26 million square stat mis, about 274,000 square stat mis or about 21.8 per cent of the country consists of woods. Due to fluctuations in climatic conditions and differences in height a big assortment of natural flora runing from temperature to tropical is found in the woods of India. For- Eastern Times may be classified as follows: Table 2: Categorization of woods per centum temperate woods cone-bearing 3 broadleaf 4 tropical woods deciduous 80 evergreen 12 others 1 11. The productiveness of India ‘s woods can be greatly in- creased. Forests are among the few renewable resources in nature which, if decently managed, could travel on giving at unrelieved rate and for an indefinite period. There is deficit of lumber and fire- wood, of natural stuffs for drugs, paper and mush and of fresh fish for cowss. 12. Wood and other wood merchandises are basic natural stuffs indispensable for ‘industrial development. In the past no proper apprais- Al of local forest resources was made and merchandises such as paper or mush, plyboard, tannic acid, etc. , were freely imported. With a position to developing such industries in the state, an assessment of the posi- tion of such natural stuffs is a affair of importance. The ingestion of industrial wood in India is every bit low as 0.6 cft. per capita per twelvemonth as against 16.0 cft. in France and 13.4 cft. in Japan. India ‘s present demands of industrial wood sum to 4.5 million dozenss and are estimated to be more than 9 million dozenss in 1975. As respects firewood resources, in the ordinary class, a demand of 100 million dozenss is anticipated by 1975. 13. It is indispensable that a sustained addition in production should be secured from twelvemonth to twelvemonth through injtensive development strategies, including choice of high output countries, seting of quick- turning species, debut of improved logging 98 THIRD FIVE Year Plan and treating techniques, development of communications and more by and large, the linking of wood development with specific strategies of industrial development to be undertaken over the following few old ages. While the demands and supplies of industrial wood are still more or less balanced, it is considered that over the following 10 or 15 old ages unless particular stairss are taken, acute deficits might be experienced. This calls for steps for the intensification of production, devel- opment of hill woods, improved use of low class lumbers, economic system in fuel wood ingestion and systematic studies of forest re- beginnings in relation to specific industries. It is besides necessary to set about a study of forest lands, bespeaking countries which are severely eroded, those tantrum for natural regeneration and those where seting should be undertaken. In some countries, specially in Central and South India, there are natural woods with trees which ‘have merely fuel value. T hese countries can be covered with valuable deep-rooted woods. There is need excessively for obtaining informations sing forest resources in unaccessible countries. FourWATER RESOURCES14. Water resources may be divided loosely into surface H2O and belowground H2O. Their development has to be viewed in relation to the demand to increase the productiveness of land through irrigation, inundation control, drainage and other agencies and besides to domestic. and industrial demands. 15. Surface water.- The one-year rainfall over the full state represents something more than 3000 million acre-feet of H2O. Of this sum, about 1000 million acre-feet are lost instantly due to vaporization and approximately 650 million acre-feet seep into the dirt, go forthing 1350 million acre-feet to flux into the river systems. The full surface flow can non be utilized because topography, flow char- acteristics, clime and dirt conditions impose bounds on serviceability. It has been estimated that merely 450 million acre-feet can be harnessed for intents of irrigation. Advancement in existent use is as follows: Table 3: Surface H2O use for irrigation million every bit Percent as per centum acre-feet of useable of entire flow flow upto 1951 76 17 6 upto 1960-61 120 27 9 upto 1965-66 ( anticipated ) 160 36 12 16. Belowground H2O. : Of the 650 million acre-feet of H2O that seep down yearly into the dirt, about 350 million, acre-feet get absorbed in the top beds thereby lending to dirty wet which is indispensable for the growing of flora. The staying 300 million acre-feet percolate down into porous strata and stand for the one-year enrichment of belowground H2O. The entire storage resistance at any peculiar clip may be several times this sum, but it can be assessed merely if a country-wide probe is undertaken. The existent use of belowground H2O at nowadays is less than 20 per cent of the one-year enrichment. Over the past eight old ages, through a series of ground-water geographic expedition undertakings, attempts have been made to set up countries favorable to the sinking of tube-wells. For the 3rd Plan, a undertaking including 500 explorative drillings has been accepted. With a position to easing the work of geographic expedition and cut downing the demand for large-scale boring, it is b esides proposed to transport out geo- physical probes. In peninsular India such probes would rapidly de ermine the deepness of the bed stone and are likely to give first indicants of ground-water handiness. A study pro- gm is besides in manus in Andhra Pradesh for placing countries of belowground H2O where filter points for extraction of H2O can be successfully drilled. 17. Utilisation.-The major usage of H2O is for irrigation and hydropower coevals, but H2O is besides used for public H2O supply, industrial and pilotage intents. Water supply for irrigation can be obtained both from surface and belowground resources. 18. The Central Water and Power Commission initiated in 1954 a survey of different basins in the state for measuring the ultimate potency of major and average irrigation undertakings. For intents of this survey the state was divided into five chief zones covering groups of river basins, and for each river basin the topography, rainfall, strength of cultivation, possible storage sites, irrigable countries, reservoir capacity and other relevant factors were examined. Surveies in regard of four zones are about complete, while the fifth has still to be taken up. A preliminary appraisal places the irriga- tion potency of major and average undertakings at 100 million estates ( gross ) distributed as follows: Table 4: Irrigation potency of major and average undertakings: irrigation possible ( million estates ) zone 1: West-flowing rivers ( covering river basins in Kerala, Mysore and Maha- rashtra State and the basins of Tapti- Narmada & A ; others ) 10 zone 2: East-flowing rivers ( covering the basins of Tambraparani, Vaigai, Cauveri Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar and others ) 33 zone 3: Indus basin 13 zone 4: Ganga basin ( covering, Chambal, Jamuna, Ramganga, Tons, Gomti, Sone, Ganga and its feeders ) 41 zone 5: Brahmaputra basin 3 entire 100Policy PRIORITIES3.1 The macroeconomic considerations discussed in measuring the likely growing waies are a portion of the overall development scheme that needs to be addressed in the Ninth Plan. This chapter discusses some of the other issues which are of economy-wide significance. The more elaborate sectoral policy issues are taken up in the following chapter. 3.2 At macro level the planning theoretical account in the Planning Commission is used to apportion resources among economic sectors. The inexplicit logic of allotment in the theoretical account is the demand for consistence in the reciprocally back uping function of these economic sectors to do executable a mark rate of growing and demand form. However, the allotment of resources to the societal. sectors like wellness, instruction, public assistance, lower limit demands and poorness relief, etc. is done chiefly on the footing of the perceptual experiences of the policy shapers and contrivers as to the demand in these sectors within the overall restraints of available resources. 3.3 There is no standard set of standards for make up one's minding allotment of financess to programmes, strategies and undertakings within a sector. The strategies which take the form of a Undertaking in energy, conveyance, irrigation and communicating, etc. have to go through the minimal criterions of fiscal and/or economic rates of return. However, there are no ways of doing a pick from amongst a big figure of undertakings or strategies which would go through the same criterion. Programs and strategies which are non conformable to such cost-benefit analysis do non hold to go through through even this type of examination. Therefore it is necessary to germinate certain guidelines for the choice of programmes, strategies or undertakings from among the many which are possible at a given clip. The undermentioned trials are proposed: I ) Then schemes which are of larger benefit to the hapless as compared to the remainder of the population should hold a precedence. two ) The strategies which benefit the adult females, kids and the weaker subdivisions of the society more than the population as a whole should hold a precedence. three ) The strategies which are of larger benefit to the backward part should hold a precedence. four ) Schemes which are non-displacing, authorising and labor-intensive should hold precedence. V ) The strategies which give long term sustainable benefit should hold a precedence over strategy which 33 give a small higher benefit but merely of a transitional nature. six ) The strategies which help the creative activity of productive assets ( personal assets or economy-wide assets ) should hold a precedence over those which merely help to raise the current degree of income or good being. seven ) Service-oriented strategies ( except those in the class of basic minimal services ) , which require high degree of subsidization, should hold low precedence and attempt should be made to promote commercial operation of such services. eight ) Schemes which require creative activity of enabling environment by manner of systemic reforms, alterations in legislative model, institutional development, .promotion of participatory attacks and selfgovernance should hold a high precedence. 3.4 Population stabilization is an indispensable requirement for sustainability of development procedure. The National Family Planning Programme was launched in 1952 with the aim of â€Å" cut downing birth rate to the extent necessary to brace the population at a degree consistent with demand of national economic system † . The technological progresss and improved quality and coverage of wellness attention resulted in a rapid autumn of mortality rate from 27 in 1951 to 9.8 in 1991. In contrast, the decrease in birth rate has been less steep worsening from 40 in 1951 to 29.5 in 1991. As a consequence them one-year exponential population growing has been over 2 % in the last three decennaries. During the Eighth Plan period the autumn in birth rate has been steeper than that in the decease rate ; accordingly one-year growing rate is around 1.9 % during 1991-95. The rate of diminution in population growing is likely to be accelerated during the Ninth Plan period. 3.5 Though the diminution in birth and decease rates have occurred in all provinces, the rate of diminution was slower in some provinces like U.P. and Bihar ; even within the same province there are significant differences between territories. The Family Welfare Programme, hence needs to be reoriented to take or understate the inter- and intra-State differences with accent on improved entree and quality of generative and child wellness services through PHC based decentralized country specific microplanning without resort to specific centrally fixed marks. 3.6 It is imperative that equal data-base is available at PHC degree on annual footing, both for the demand 34 appraisal as besides to supply an independent mechanism for impact appraisal and midcourse rectification. This can be achieved merely through complete enrollment of all births and deceases. For this, it is necessary to beef up the Civil enrollment system through engagement of ICDS workers, Panchayati Raj establishments, every bit good as wellness forces. 3.7 Simultaneously, the Ninth Plan will establish an intensive thrust to advance wellness instruction so that India builds a sound foundation for a successful preventative and promotive national wellness paradigm. Basic rules of hygiene, sanitation, nutrition, and bar of unwellness and disease will be promoted through non merely the educational establishments and the grownup instruction programme but besides through the ICDS programme, through guidance offered by the wellness workers at all degrees, and the mass media. 3.8 The 2nd of import component of sustainability pertains to the protection of the environment and saving of the natural resource base of the state. Quickly turning population, urbanization, altering agricultural, industrial and H2O resource direction, increasing usage of pesticides and fossil fuels have all resulted in perceptible impairment in the quality and sustainability of the environment. It needs to be realised that environment protection does non merely affect a bar of pollution and of natural resource debasement, but has to be integrated with the over-all development Procedure and the wellbeing of people. This attack has been articulated in the Agenda 21 of United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The stairss outlined in this papers demand to be adopted and integrated with the development scheme. A synergism between wellness, environment and development is recognised. 3.9 Regeneration of the forest screen is an of import constituent of environmental sustainability. This non merely requires attending to the saving of bing woods, Particularly in the delicate eco- parts of the Himalayas and the Ghats among others, but besides a greater attempt to make forest screen in a wide-spread mode. It is proposed that every territory in the state should reserve at least 2 per cent of its available country as wood. 3.10 One of the chief jobs in taking a rational determination on natural resource usage is the deficiency of an appropriate information system and a methodological analysis for natural resource accounting. As a consequence, the depletion of the national plus base is merely non taken into history while measuring alternate schemes. The Ninth Plan will put great emphasis on germinating such natural resource accounting 35 methodological analysiss so that determinations can be taken on the footing of the full cost to the Nation. 3.11. The most of import methodological analysis for forestalling undue depletion of natural resources is by guaranting their efficient usage at all degrees. This has two of import dimensions. First, exhaustible or vulnerable natural resource should be priced suitably in order to forestall over-exploitation. In ‘India, since a big proportion of natural resources are subjected to administered monetary values, there has been a inclination to under-price resources rather significantly. This attack needs to be changed desperately. Second, engineerings which conserve the usage of natural resources need to be developed and promoted smartly. 3.12 Food and nutrition security every bit good as poorness relief are unalienable constituents of sustainable development. In position of the fact that the net seeded country is likely to worsen in the hereafter in order to continue the ecological balance, accent will hold to be placed on increasing the productiveness of land usage. There is hence need to heighten the flow of resources to agriculture from both public and private beginnings and to smartly advance the execution of land reforms so that the productiveness of land usage is enhanced. In add-on, stairss will necessitate to be taken towards more efficient usage of dirt and H2O resources. A start has been made in this procedure by promoting a diversified growing of agribusiness by agroclimatic parts. This would hold to be carried frontward smartly. New enterprises will necessitate to be developed for intercession on the footing of agro-economic classification. In the thin agricultural season, upto 100 yearss of assured emplo yment will be provided under the Employment Assurance Scheme, which is being universalised. 3.13 In order to beef up the technological capablenesss of the Indian industries, both for run intoing the national demands and for supplying planetary fight, a figure of new enterprises have been launched. A Technology Development Board has been established in 1996 with a authorization to ease development of new engineerings and assimilation and version of imported engineerings by supplying catalytic support to industries and R & A ; D establishments to work in partnership. Matching grants to R & A ; D establishments demoing commercial net incomes through engineering services was besides introduced in 1996 and will be carried frontward and broadened. Already a long-run position called Technology Vision for India 2020 has been prepared, which could organize the footing of engineering development programmes. 3.14 Issues of natural resource preservation and agricultural growing can non be efficaciously tackled in the 36 absence of an appropriate technological base. In add-on, engineering is indispensable for increasing the fight of the Indian economic system in international markets. Autochthonal development of engineering is hence of the highest importance and deliberate planned stairss need to be taken to increase technological autonomy of the Nation. 3.15 Rapid proficient advancement is changing basically the accomplishments, cognition, substructure and establishments needed for the efficient production and bringing of goods and services. So wide and far- stretch are current technological developments that many see the outgrowth of another industrial revolution driven by a new technological â€Å" paradigm † . This paradigm involves, non merely new engineerings and accomplishments in the traditional sense, but besides different work methods, direction techniques and organizational dealingss within houses. As new conveyance and communications engineerings shrink international ‘economic infinite ‘ , it besides implies a important reordering of comparative advantage, and trade and investing dealingss, between states. 3.16 In India besides, there is considerable technological activity in a broad spectrum of houses. what is most impressive is the figure of little and average sized endeavors that are puting in new engineering based ventures, and frequently striking out in universe market as exporters. However, the remainder of the industrial sector still needs to put on engineering upgrading. Experience of many developing and industrialized states suggests that a rapid acceleration of industrial engineering development calls for a deliberate ‘strategy ‘ , in the sense that it requires the authorities to organize and steer an basically market- goaded procedure. Free markets suffer from assorted sorts of market failures ‘ , they may non throw up the appropriate sums of substructure, accomplishment, information and institutional support, and mere exposure to market forces, while acquiring rid of inefficient policies, may non do to make the technological dynamism that continued industr ial growing demands. 3.17 Indian engineering policies are undergoing important alterations, and on the whole have improved greatly in recent old ages. They are non, nevertheless, ideal. A coherent engineering scheme In India must turn to a figure of interrelated elements in the inducement government and the relevant factor markets and establishments. The undermentioned attack should steer future policies in engineering: accomplishments: Technology development calls for both general and specific signifiers of human capital, and emerging engineerings are extremely skill intensive in both proficient and managerial footings. While India is endowed at present with big sums of high-ranking human capital, investings in the creative activity of new accomplishments ( as measured by registration degrees in proficient 37 topics at all degrees ) are low. In add-on, house degree investings in developing are extremely variable, and big parts of industry invest really small in preparation. The SME sector in peculiar suffers from really low degrees of accomplishment, while industrial preparation institutes are frequently unresponsive to their demands. Technological attempt: R & A ; D in Indian industry has been lifting, but the overall degree is still low and over three quarters of research attempt originates in the populace sector. This is in contrast to Taiwan and Korea, where most of R & A ; D is undertaken by industrial endeavors. It is of import for the Government to analyze current technological tendencies in industry in order to explicate appropriate policies to promote R & A ; D. Technology entree: Technology upgrading requires that Indian endeavors of all types have information on relevant engineerings in international markets and besides within the state. Many states have well-developed systems of computerised online engineering information and airing services, frequently backed up with consultancy and fiscal aid for little and average endeavors to enable them to cognize approximately, trial, and implement new engineerings. The handiness of similar installations are weak in India. Note needs to be taken of the emerging tendencies of limitations on entree to engineering through rigorous rational belongings limitations and on â€Å" double usage † engineerings by certain. groups of industrially advanced states. Particular attempts have to be made to guarantee that such limitations do non suppress advancement in high engineering sectors. Technology establishments: India has a big substructure of engineering support establishments, some of which are undergoing reform to do them more relevant to industrial demands. A figure of universities, particularly the IITs, are interacting progressively with industry on technological affairs, while others are outside this circle. There is a demand to beef up ‘Technology Foresight Programmes ‘ to analyze the deductions of emerging engineerings, analyse domestic strengths and failings and aim future engineerings for local development. Other substructure: Technology development by and large requires the puting up of bunchs of industries that can portion information and accomplishments, as in scientific discipline Parkss ‘ or dedicated industrial estates. some such installations exist in India, but their efficaciousness and working demand to be strengthened. 3.18 Finally, an of import constituent of sustainability of the development procedure is in the accomplishment of a high 38 degree. of integrating between the assorted parts of the state so that the benefits of rapid and sustained growing can be spread widely in order to better both regional balance and the economic chances available to the people. The most of import constituents for accomplishing this terminal are transport linkages and communications. The Ninth program will put great accent on supplying the needed connectivity to all parts of the state. 3.19 Although the Government can increase the connectivity of small towns through public plants and employment coevals programmes by affecting the local organic structures, major route web development would still necessitate a considerable sum of resources. Fresh enterprises need to be taken in this way by coordinate action between the assorted grades of Government and with aid from private bureaus and fiscal establishments. Advanced methods of uniting Public and private resources would necessitate to be worked out in order to do such investings productive and feasible. 3.20 Similarly, in so far as communications are concerned, it is improbable that the resources available with the Government would be sufficient to spread out the telecommunications web to the extent desired. The enterprises that have been taken to supplement the public sector attempts need to be carried frontward, and a proper enabling environment demands to be created. This is indispensable since communications are as indispensable an infrastructural input as they are critical for integrating. 3.21 In visible radiation of the macro-economic restraints being faced by the economic system and the analysis of the executable growing waies, it appears that a sustained acceleration in the growing rate of the economic system will hold to be associated with a determined attempt at raising public nest eggs, chiefly by cut downing the gross shortage and bettering the public presentation of public sector endeavors. This is necessary in order to supply both the necessary degree of investible resources and forestall the re- outgrowth of balance of payments unsustainability. Stairss would besides hold to be taken to guarantee that private nest eggs addition in a sustained mode. 3.22 In regard of public nest eggs, while the rate of growing of grosss must be increased, the rate of growing of gross outgo excessively should be slowed down. The Government will call up fiscal resources by using all beginnings which have remained untapped so far. At the same clip, the construction and mode of deployment of public outgo should be altered significantly in order to guarantee the maximal positive impact on poorness relief and the societal sectors. 39 3.23 It is to be noted that the ratio of entire grosss of the Centre and the States to GDP had reached 23.8 per cent in 1989-90, but declined thenceforth and came down to 22.6 per cent in 1990-91 and stayed at the degree in 1993-94. However, there is a major difference between the behavior of grosss between the Centre and the States. The gross grosss of the Centre declined steadily from 14.4 per cent in 1989-90 to 12.2 per cent in 1993-94, whereas in the instance of the States, it increased steadily from 9.4 per cent in 1989-90 to 10.4 per cent in 1993-94. The ratio of entire revenue enhancement grosss of the authorities sector to GDP had reached 16.9 per cent in 1989-90 but declined thenceforth and reached 15.3 per cent in 1993-94 ( it is estimated to hold reached around 16 per cent of GDP in 1995-96 ) . In position of this, it would be sensible to take at raising the revenue enhancement ratio by approximately 1.5 to 2.0 per centum points of GDP so that it reaches the degree of 17.5 per cent in the post-Plan period. This would merely intend somewhat transcending the ratio that had already been reached in 1989-90. Acharya, S. and R.L. Jogi. 2004. aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"Farm Input Subsidies in Indian Agriculture.aa‚ ¬A? Institute of Development Studies Working Paper 140, Jaipur India. Government of India, Planning Commission. 2005. Midterm Appraisal of 10th Five Year Plan ( 2002-2007 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //planningcommission.nic.in/midterm/midtermapp.html Jalan, B. 2004. The Future of India: Politicss, Economics, and Governance. Penguin Books: New Delhi